Chora Church, located in Istanbul, is one of the most significant Byzantine structures. It is renowned for its stunning mosaics, which are often considered even more remarkable than those in Hagia Sophia. The church is one of the city’s oldest structures, with a history spanning centuries. It was originally used as a church, later converted into a mosque during the Ottoman period, and in the 20th century, it became a museum. In 2020, it was converted back into a mosque.
Early History
Chora Church, initially built in the 5th century during the reign of Emperor Theodosius I, was originally constructed as a monastery. The name “Chora” means “rural area,” reflecting the church’s location outside the city of Constantinople (Istanbul) at the time. However, as the city expanded, the church became more integrated into the growing urban environment.
Byzantine Period and Changes
The church underwent significant renovations and expansions in the 11th century under Emperor Manuel I Comnenus. However, the major transformation of the church took place in the 14th century when Theodoros Metochites, a prominent Byzantine statesman, added the Parekklesion (chapel) to the structure. Metochites is also buried in this part of the church.
Ottoman Period and Conversion into a Mosque
After the Ottoman conquest of Istanbul, many Byzantine structures, including Chora Church, were converted into mosques. During this time, the church’s magnificent mosaics and frescoes were covered with plaster. Despite this, the building continued to function as a mosque throughout the Ottoman period.
Republican Period and Conversion into a Museum
In the early 20th century, after the founding of the Turkish Republic, Chora Church was converted into a museum in 1945. During this period, significant restoration efforts were made to uncover and restore the church’s mosaics and frescoes. The American Byzantine Institute played a key role in the restoration work. The mosaics, which had been concealed for centuries, were brought back to life, and the building became one of the most visited cultural sites in Istanbul.
Conversion Back into a Mosque (2020)
In 2020, the Turkish government decided to convert Chora Church back into a mosque. This decision emphasized the dual religious and cultural significance of the building. The mosque remains open to the public, while still preserving its historic and artistic value.
Art and Architecture
Chora Church is renowned for its exceptional Byzantine mosaics and frescoes that beautifully represent the golden age of late Byzantine art. The mosaics shine with vibrant colors, such as gold, khaki, purple, lilac, and cobalt blue, resembling the colors of a sunset. The mosaics depict scenes from the life of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and other sacred figures. The frescoes on the walls and ceilings depict scenes of resurrection and the Last Judgment, offering insight into the theological and artistic importance of the church.
Sections of Chora Church (Kariye Mosque):
- Exterior Narthex: The mosaics here depict the life of Christ, and the Pantokrator Christ mosaic at the entrance of the Inner Narthex is particularly remarkable.
- Interior Narthex: This area features mosaics that tell the story of the Virgin Mary, including some scenes drawn from apocryphal texts that are not found in other churches. A series of mosaics depicting Christ’s miracles is also located here.
- Nave (Main Area): The nave is a relatively simple space, but it holds the final scenes of the Byzantine mosaics from both the inner and outer corridors. On either side of the altar, mosaics of Christ and the Virgin Mary are displayed.
- Parekklesion (Chapel): This is the most distinctive part of Chora Church. The frescoes on the walls and ceiling are stunning, depicting Christian martyrs, famous patriarchs, and scenes of resurrection and the Last Judgment.
Current Information
- Entrance Fee: As of 2025, the entrance fee to Chora Church (now Kariye Mosque) is 20 Euros.
- Opening Hours: Kariye Mosque is open daily from 09:00 AM to 06:00 PM. It is closed on Fridays for congregational prayers.
- Dress Code: Since the building is now a mosque, visitors are required to dress modestly. Women are expected to cover their heads, and men should avoid wearing shorts.
Chora Church is one of the most beautiful examples of Byzantine art in Istanbul. Its well-preserved mosaics and frescoes make it a must-visit site for anyone interested in medieval Christian art. The church’s rich history, combined with its stunning artwork, makes it a significant cultural and religious landmark in the city.